Concept of Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concept of Marriage - Essay Example nation in many African countries continue to practice polygamy and according to scholars, incidents of polygamy or plural marriage atomic number 18 highest in West Africa, where Senegal and Ghana have the highest level of polygamy at between 30 and 50% of all marriages (Hayase & Liaw 300). Despite the statistics, on a global scale, the traditional marriage between unrivalled man and mavin woman is the most common form of marriage.Proponents of traditional marriage argue that marriage is an institution which has stood the canvas of time and is a fundamental social institution. They believe that marriage between one man and one woman serves a variety of social purposes including the procreation of children, the establishment of a stable household for reproduction children and the promotion of the nuclear family unit. They also establish that children need both a male and female advance for proper development (Kolasinski 3). Furthermore, many a dvocates for traditional marriage also argue that homosexuality is wrong and should non be encouraged by society. By conferring the right to marriage and the benefits of this union on same-sex couples, they argue that is but what society is doing.Advocates for gay marriage emphatically argue that it is a civil rights issue and since marriage bestows reliable social benefits, denying gays the right to marry infringes on their rights to equality. They further argue that marriage is not intrinsically secure to procreation and point to examples of artificial insemination to prove that lesbian couples can also give birth and arsehole children. It is also argued that civil unions in lieu of actual marriage fall short of the equality stock(a) and promote the idea that same-sex marriage is both separate and unequal. The Supreme Court in Canada recently enamored down the Marriage Act on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and similar challenges are being make

The Employment Relationship, Employment Discrimination and Employment Assignment

The Employment Relationship, Employment Discrimination and Employment Regulation - Assignment ExampleThis essay is to skeletal frame awargonness among the readers regarding complex standoffs and dilemmas involved in employment, ignorance from which may lead to harrowing scenarios. Mostly, an employment relationship is a contractual or legal link betwixt employers and employees. All the reciprocal rights, obligations and disciplinary principles decided between employers and proles originate from the foundation of the employment relationship. The existence of an employment liaison is the condition that determines the way labor and well-disposed security law provisions addressed to employees can be applied. The importance of this relationship can be judged by the fact that it is the key reflective point for determining the nature and extent of employers rights and obligations towards their workers. With the growing incidents of inconveniences approach by workers all over the globe owing to the ambiguities related to the privacy and termination issues involved in the nature of this relationship, this issue has bagged more and more important in the workplaces. It goes without saying that the root cause of the mount misunderstandings between employers and employees is the disguised nature of the employment relationship. The most basic privacy rights of workers that need to be handled cautiously include the right to protect the privacy of social security numbers, personnel records, telephonic conversations and the right to negative listening to all electronic communication systems. Furthermore, many federal and statutory laws emphasize on protect the privacy of employees medical records and information and background screening. Background screening actually identifies different background checks and records that are required by some employers as a part of workers recruiting process. An employer is not allowed to probe endlessly into the workers private issues i n life. Different state laws and employment legislatures restrict the type of background information.

Project Feasibility Study 2014 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Feasibility Study 2014 - Essay display caseWith regard to the current scenario, the company incorporates four major brands that include Kingsmill, Allinson, Burgen and Sunblest, altogether playing a icy role for Allied Bakeries to build its long-term sustainability in the global food processing and retailing attention (1Allied Bakeries, 2014).In relation to the late(a) observation, the company has been facing a significant level of difficulties regarding the operational functions and military operation of its leading brand, Kingsmill. Kingsmill of Allied Bakeries has long been identified as one of its leading brands, principally because it is capable of providing a wide range of food items ranging from the Little BIG Loaf to 50/50. Its primitive aim has indeed been focused on sufficing the nutritional needs of the consumers in the national baking industry (2Allied Bakeries, 2014). In its recent performance, the company has introduced the Great White loaf with the brand n ame of Kingsmill and has collected the attention of the global consumers inwardly a short-run (Ritson, 2014).However, the market research conducted by Allied Bakeries has demonstrated a different scenario regarding the impertinently launched White loaf in the UK markets. Although marketers may gain success by altering the preferences or demands of the customers, in various cases, the changes may convey severe risks for the organisations to maintain its long-term sustainability. In relation to the business dodge of Allied Bakeries regarding its modern Great White, the intention of changing consumption habit or attitude of the customers may lead the company to cause a negative impact on its brand berthing. Therefore, major changes regarding the innovative concept of Great White has emerged as an essential practice for the company to preserve the brand position of Kingsmill and the reputation of Allied Bakeries as well (Askew, 2014).Change in the business strategies is a common an d astray accepted

Cultural Preferences and End-of-Life Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ethnical Preferences and End-of-Life Care - Essay ExampleThis paper studies Kagawa-Singer and Blackhalls (2001) article and directs its attention to the Chinese-American ethnic group, outlining some of the searing issues that affect the medical process based on the patient, family and the physician while monitoring the cultural beliefs, practices and set of the patient so as to ensure maximum satisfaction at the end of life. The paper also looks into the various challenges faced by professionals in palliative care with respect to cultural beliefs and the implications of these challenges to the professionals.On January 12, 2001, a perspective editor interviewed a 38-year old Chinese woman, Ms Z, who took care of her ailing stupefy and get down with help from her elder sister (Kagawa-Singer and Blackhall, 2001). In December 1994, her mother was diagnosed with stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the lung and underwent chemotherapies. She received everlasting treatment but succumbed to he r end of life in January, 1996. To add to the ill-fated departure of her mother, Ms Zs dad was diagnosed with Parkinson during the early 90s, and died in 1997 after numerous medications had been administered (Kagawa-Singer and Blackhall, 2001). According to Ms Z, the topic of her mothers fountain was never raised by any family member. In addition, her father never discussed his condition even after they had full information from the doctor (Kagawa-Singer and Blackhall, 2001). From the interview, a number of issues were of notable concern in the Chinese culture and they are addressed belowa) Informed consent across many cultures, quite a little do not appreciate telling the truth about diagnosis of certain diseases such as cancer, although it is part of U.S. health care. According to Ms Z, her mothers diagnosis was given in a statistical book for her to read, and they never discussed that topic again. This is

Relativism and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Relativism and Morality - Essay ExampleThis is used to describe values and concepts of ethical and good considerations (Baghramian, 2004). Goodman pointed out that relativism provide be equated to compromise of value which quite a little prevent conflicts but it prevents the achievement of a meaningful morality or values. This is a bold philosophical view since values, ethics and morality argon concepts significantly affected by the social norms (Goodman, 2010, p.87). Goodmans view regarding relativism can be considered as an beta eye opener. He stated that due to the intentions to achieve a common good, the global formulations are fair culture-bound. This means that cultural differences are being considered as one of the most important factors if not the leave most priority. Such scenario leads to the generalization of moral justices which according to him is in the risk of categoricalness, vagueness, and compromise of principles, which is common and general in the rescue era. The ambiguity in the guiding principles of morality in the international community becomes the law and judicial tactic (Goodman, 2010, p.87). This can be observed in the manner assorted nations, cultures and societies deal with social, stinting, and governmental issues. Issues that are considered charged and controversial although of great importance and vitality are faced with ambiguity, thus, lost in social compromises of different forms. There are numerous issues that can be cited as examples such as abortion, divorce, same sex marriage, etc. The relativism in morality can explain why in more or less nations and cultures, these issues are accepted while in other nations and cultures, such issues are prohibited and even detested. repayable to the differences in the view and opinions of different nations and communities in the world and due to the stratification of societies on the basis of geographical, cultural, religious, and economic divides, social and political autho rities are preventing heated discussions that can lead to violent misunderstandings. As a result, the international community can be observed to have a moral view that is bland and safely coasting between the multitudes of clashing moral views. Moral values are meant to guide and to lead the great deal in different forms of decision making process. But having a relative morality can be considered ineffective to guide the spate their way of life. Upon expression of the dangers of compromise and relativism in morality, Goodman presented his view on the different crimes. He stated and stressed that regardless of the fact that compromise in values rule the present society, there are actions that are simply wrong and that no social and cultural consideration can correct. Goodman said that slavery, genocide, terrorism, murder, rape, polygamy, and incest are examples of crimes and actions that are plainly and absolutely wrong, regardless of the perspective (Goodman, 2010, p.89). This mea ns that it is hard to guarantee any of these acts as a morally right act on the basis of any situation culture. No logical reason can justify killing and causing hard to other people such as terrorism, genocide, and murder as the right thing to do in any minded(p) situation. Similarly, no logical reason can make slavery and limiting of other peoples rights and freedom such as slavery an acceptable act. This is the same for rape, polygamy, ad incestuous relationships wherein no reasons can make these sexual

E-books in relation to technology, science, and their impact on Research Paper

E-books in relation to technology, science, and their impact on society. Where will they be in 2060 - Research Paper ExampleAccording to a research theatre by Lyman and Hal in 2002, more than 93 percent of completely new information is being produced in digital format (as cited in Lee, Guttenberg, McCrary, 2002, p.227). In recent times, digital publishing has reached critical mass. Media coverage and succeeding(a) books fair reporting has made the consumer well-aware of eBooks and ereaders. apples iPad cum ereader has changes the way ereaedrs are perceived. Ebooks market is in transition, it is evolving and restructuring itself for weaken (PwC,n.d.,pp.2-4).While suggesting the future of eBooks in 2060 based on research evidence, the paper briefly studies the EBooks impact on our society, technology, and science. 1. EBooks and Technology With the accelerated production of digital content, user interest is increasing in devices that are specifically designed to read electronic cont ent (eBooks) such as, e-readers, PPCs, Smartphone, and tablets. From many aspects, eBooks are far more cost-efficient than traditional paper books (pbooks), such as storage, transfer, accessibility, and delivery. Due to compressing ability, storage devices for eBooks are much smaller in size as compared to pbooks. Unlike pbooks, eBooks allow readers to introduce multimedia and hypertext links into books. For instance, eBooks facilitates the readers experience by video clips, audio or sound narrations. Reader can easily jump to a hole on Web through a simple click (Lee, Guttenberg, McCrary, 2002, p.227). With the arrival of Amazon Kindle and Apples iPad, e-reader technology has taken off. EBook readers are increasingly becoming part of our everyday life, readers are dismission to experience much more of e-readers and their competitors, such as, tablet computers in future libraries(Rotman Epps & McQuivey as cited in Aaltonen, Mannonen, Nieminen, & Nieminen,2011,p.16). 2. E-books a nd hostelry Accessibility is a nonher major feature that can easily overcome pbooks in future. Online libraries provide of import information in their public domains eBooks, for instance, netLibrary, Internet Public Library, and Project Gutenberg. EBooks provide people with a luck to access wealth of information just by having an internet connection. Despite all the convenience, eBooks may not completely take over pbooks. However, there is considerable number of predictions for the success of eBooks. Considering the limitation of eBooks, such as, muffled acceptance of the innovation, user unwillingness to read from screen(Lee, Nicholas, & Victor, 2002, p.228) lacking display quality, cost, durability, and ease(Sottong as cited in Lee, Guttenberg, McCrary, 2002, p.228) it can be inferred that eBooks are going to co-exist with pbooks in recent future. EBooks have great potential for providing enhanced acquisition opportunities for better engagement and control over content and act ivities. Quick access and portability is the feature that facilitate remote culture and save travel time and energy (Hernon et al., as cited in Lam, Lam,& McNaught,2010,p.8).EBooks have potential to enhance the nurture experience by improved relationship between student and educator while dealing with learning materials(Shiratuddin, Landoni, Gibb,& Hassan,2003).According to Robert, Slattery and Kardos, text-to-speech or Braille output programs are likely to increase information

Comfort Letter Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comfort Letter - Case Study Example1In the suit, Kleinwort Benson, or KB for brevity, proposed to extend a loan to MMC Metals Ltd or Metals for short, which is a subsidiary of Malaysia Mining Corporation (or Malaysia Ming). In the process of the lending proposal, KB requested from Malaysia Mining a garner to the effect that the latter would assure KB that Metals would stand the financial obligation when it became due. At first, KB wanted to ask for a guarantee from Malaysia Mining. In essence, KB desired a situation that if Metals could not settle the debt, Malaysia Mining, as the parent company, would be under legal obligation to be subrogated into the shoes of Metals, the subsidiary. Malaysia Mining did not heed the call of KB. In lieu of the letter supposedly distinctly defining the mother company as a guarantor of the debt of Metals, Malaysia Mining wrote a prudently crafted letter where it was stated that it was the policy of the company (Malaysia Mining) to ensure that Meta ls would always be in a capacity to requital back what was borrowed from KB. The carefully worded correspondence is now the so-called comfort letter at issue.When Metals became troubled with insolvency owe to the predicaments of the tin industry because of the problematic world market, KB claimed payment from Malaysia Mining for the obligation of Metals. KB charged that Malaysia Mining had made a promise to prevent going into a situation where it could not pay its debts. The question now is whether or not Malaysia Mining is liable to KB on the basis of the linguistic process set forth in the comfort letter. The court that finally ruled the case answered in the negative. In this paper, independent views are hereby conveyed regarding the matter. The facts have to be analyzed in sufficient detail. At the outset, it is undisputed that KB requested from Malaysia Mining a documentary guarantee whereby the latter would have been bound by the accountability of its subsidiary. From this a ct and notion alone, it was readily clear that without that guarantee, KB was not holding on anything as would ease up Malaysia Mining a co-debtor or co-borrower of Metals. It was precisely because of this vacuum that KB asked for a written con squeezement from Malaysia Mining for the latter to give an assurance for the payment of the loan in the possibility that Metals would not be able to pay the debt. Malaysia Mining refused and the refusal manifestly exhibited the position of the parent corporation that it did not opt to puzzle a co-borrower of its subsidiary or to stand as its guarantor. When KB pushed through with the loan covenant, it took the risk of believably failing to collect from Metals. When indeed Metals was not able to settle the liability, there was no reason to make Malaysia Mining legally responsible to tender payment based on the comfort letter which it send to KB because, in the first place, there was nothing in the comfort letter making or even presuming Ma laysia Mining to be so liable.Going to the language used by Malaysia Mining, the ruling in its favor became more convincing when it declared no commitment to pay for and in behalf of Metals by refusing to sign a guarantee. It simply made known a policy which was not a promise or a pledge. To make a comparison, one who says it is his policy to be honest is different from when he promises to be honest. A policy of the state for space exploration is not a promise for definite courses of pull through to explore the space. Neither

Evolution of Public relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evolution of customary relations - Essay ExampleIn the same way, companies felt the urgency for relieving the function of shareholders communication from the finance department, who lacked communication skills (McKee & Lamb, 2009). Shareholder communications were aimed at exploring the involve of the shareholders and communicate to them the topper approach that firms adopt.Change in companies is caused by government intervention and the crisis in the market inherently, this is the case with semiprivate equity industry. The current business environment is dynamic and changing making the fund investor and managers develop spic-and-span strategies. There is an overhaul of the Public relations to ensure that managers receive granular information that is critical in decision making. They have aligned policies and practices to ensure that the evolving restrictive environment does not affect operations. In essence, the Public relation has become an integral part of the listed companie s worldwide. Evidence shows that the industry alignment between investors and fund managers is question towards the right path. There has been capability and process building that commensurate with the needs of the investors. However, the challenge is the ability of the regulatory overhang to influence the industry progression.McKee & Lamb (2009) says the integration of technology has been introduced in the industry to increase the aim in reporting, managing, and capturing data for communication purposes. Many firms are investing in technology to meet the needs of the customers.

Electromagnetism and Mind Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electromagnetism and Mind Control - Essay ExampleA changing charismatic field will induce a varying voltaic field and vice-versathe two are connect both influence and control of the mind. These varying fields form electromagnetic totters (Beckley 18). Electromagnetic waves differ from mechanical waves in that they do not oblige a medium to propagate. This means that electromagnetic bearing raft expand in the course of not only through air and solid materials, but as well through the vacuum of space. Electromagnetic waves has characteristics and this characteristics resolve the extent of dangers or effect of the waves and they include wavelengths, f number, amplitude, and frequence. Frequency The frequency of any waveform equals the velocity divided by the wavelength. The units of measurement are in cycles per entropy or Hertz. The wavelengths of electromagnetic waves go from extremely long to extremely short and everything in between. The wavelengths determine how count res ponds to the electromagnetic wave, and those characteristics determine the name we give that particular group of wavelengths. The amplitude of electromagnetic waves relates to its intensity or brightness (as in the case of visible light).With visible light, the brightness is usually measured in lumens. With former(a) wavelengths the intensity of the ray, which is power per unit area or watts per square meter is used. The square of the amplitude of a wave is the intensity The velocity is a measure of the displacement per unit time. The standard value of velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum is approximately 300,000 kilometers per second, the same as the speed of light. When these waves pass through matter, they slow down slightly, depending on the size of their wavelength. Electromagnetic waveform All human thoughts, sensations and actions initiate from bioelectricity generated by neurons and transmitted through complex neural circuits inside our skull. Electrical signals between neurons generate electric fields that radiate out of brain tissue as electrical waves that can be picked up by electrodes touching a persons scalp (Beckley 32). Measurements of such brainwaves present strong insight into brain belief and an important analytical tool for health center. In reality, so elementary are brainwaves to the internal weapon of the mind, they have turn out to be the decisive, legal definition illustrating the thin line between life sentence and death. Brainwaves modify with a healthy persons awareness and unconscious mental action and state of comment. It is probable to selectively control brain function by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (Evans 39). This method uses strong pulses of electromagnetic radiation grinned into a persons brain to jam or excite particular brain circuits. Possibility of Electromagnetic wave mind control Although a cell phone is much less powerful than transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the question still rem ains Could the electrical signals coming from a phone affect certain brainwaves operating(a) in resonance with cell phone transmission frequencies? After all, the callers cerebral cortex is just centimeters off from radiation broadcast from the phones antenna. A study by Rodney Croft, of the Brain Science Institute, Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia gives a degree of justification (Ceres 78) Rodney Croft tested whether cell phone transm

A Strategic Plan of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Essay

A Strategic Plan of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Essay ExampleFrom the report it is clear that the disadvantages experienced in strategic political programning of institutions of higher learning leave behind also be mentioned and analyzed, as they will be relevant in this review. Besides, the pros of strategic planning with reference to the plan of the institution will be discussed in respective(a) ways. An overall analysis of how an institution can exhibit the balance between the planning and achieving a sustainable quality improvement will also be done. All these analyses will be specific to the Hong Kong engineering school university in relation to the learnt concepts, strategic planning, and management.As the study declares strategic planning can be delimitate as a way in which an organization establishes a way forward for its efficient operations. As such, this should be in a given order depending on the context of application. In this case, the application of the plan is in an institution of higher learning. This document, therefore, is focusing on the ways in which an organization can be managed through strategic planning. An analysis of the model of the plan will be done and views as per some other professional suggestions given. The review of the main aims of the institution in general in relation to the arrangement of variant departments will also be done. It is certain that the organization of reference here is a perpetual institution. Thus, the strategies say in place to ensure its long term existence and operation in line with the objectives will be looked into.

Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

feminist movement - Essay ExampleIt deals with the acceptance that woman is the opposite of man and is treated unfairly in this binary star star relationship. The modernist sought to help women get fair treatment and stand up against their opposites - the men.The third wave of feminism, which is overly referred to as the post-modern perspective, according to Wikipedia, began in the 1990s. The third wave of feminism un worry second-wave feminism, which largely riveted on the inclusion of women in traditionally male-dominated aras, it says, seeks to challenge and expand common commentarys of gender and sexuality. Jane Flax in her book Post-modernism and sex activity Relations in Feminist Theory states that post-modern feminism seeks to understand and (re) constitute the self, gender, knowledge, social relations, and culture without resorting to linear, teleological, hierarchical, holistic, or binary ways of thinking and being. (Flax, 2000, p.39).This account aims to understand the organic differences between the perceptions of modernist and post modernist feminism. With references from the works of theorists like Judith Butler and Jane Flax, this paper will argue whether the post modernist perspective, which raises fundamental questions over traditional classification of biologic sex into men and women, challenges the very nature of modernist feminism and its significance. The arguments presented here will be illustrated using articles like Lisa Soccios seek titled, From Girl to Woman to Grrrl(Sub)Cultural Intervention and Political Activism in the Time of Post-Feminism, published in the Invisible destination Electronic Journal for visual studies and Stephen Matchhetts, Just Like Men, actually. The former deals with the culture of all-women rock-bands, and the latter about how films and idiot box project women in politics.This paper will comprise of four main parts, each presenting one fundamental difference between the modernist and post modernist feminist perspectives. The first section will deal with the question of Who is a woman . This will look at the differences between the modernists and postmodernists in their perception and definition of the term woman. The focus will then shift to sexed bodies. This section will examine if biological sex is exclusively a physical item or is it the basis for gender. The third part of this paper will focus on gender performativity. Is gender merely a socio-cultural phenomenon that we imbibe and live with, as the modernists believe or is it a role that we play, which is the postmodernist perspective. Finally, the paper will raise the significant question of what is feminism. With the aim of trying to understand both the modernist and postmodernist definition of feminism, this last section will highlight the positives and negatives of both these perspectives and also their relevance.The definition of WomanOne of the nigh progressive nations in the world, the United States of America has never had a woman as its head of state. On the other hand conservative developing nations in Asia like Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have had powerful women leading them. So does this imply that the feminist movement has succeeded in breaking gender-related barriers in these nationsThe answer to this question is simple. These women leaders are the exception and not the rule. Most of these societies continue to be male

African Americans and the New South Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

African Americans and the newly South - Essay ExampleAmerica,as it was preparing to enter the 20th Century, was experiencing rapid change.The Civil War was over,reconstruction was complete and the state of matter had seen unequaled leaps of technology and industrial advancement in the last several decades of the 19th century.Wells likewisek a organic stance is his position.He blamed the African American as much as the White population for perpetuating the variety still remaining in the south.The violence and its increasing frequency and spread both west and northernmost were in his mind precursors of what was to follow if African Americans sat quietly by and let it occur.Although he halt short of an outright revolution,in his mind words al cardinal would not bring about a change.The simply people African Americans could rely on were themselves. Through meeting the violence and hatred head on was the only solution available. Although not standing by and letting the rest of the nation dictate what was outgo for African American people, Wells view was, in my opinion, much to extreme and would alienate the supporters for Black compare among the general population. The extremist views, although not negating the horrors of lynching, would do more harm than good in drawing precaution away from the brutality and focusing it on perceived hatred for Whites.Booker T. chapiters views stated that the newly won liberty from slavery brought with it desires to achieve immediate positions of power and importance. However, as natural as the tendency was to desire this, Washington stated that the initial joy of new found freedom was over and the become was truly to begin. This work was not found in African Americans seeking to make a new life elsewhere, nor was it in southern industry looking to the hordes of immigrants entering the United States. Instead Washington tells us to cast subjugate your bucket where you are. (38) His view expresses that white and black southern America are intertwined in their history, both knowing the others strengths and weaknesses and working together was a business that lead to prosperity for both.The biggest mistakes African Americans could make, in his view, is expecting too much, too soon. He stresses that the important issues to improve the state of Black America is education and working hard at doing the best job possible, no matter your position in life. The attainment of higher things is found in the ability to start from where you are and work towards improvement through education, learning and reliance on one another. The last area that Washington stresses is the separation of Blacks and Whites socially. He uses, quite well, the metaphor of the hand and the fingers - connected soon enough separate. In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. (39) He proposes a business proposition that through mutual hard work and cooperation each race go forth grow and prosper as a united front. His position is logical and pragmatic not establish on emotion but on a mutually beneficial business partnership. However, he warns us that if both continue on the path of exclusion and complaint the result will be unwholesome for both races an almost implied threat.Turner offers a position totally opposed to Washington, whom he refers to, if not by name by his stance, when he states that any black who claimed that African Americans did not want social equality immediately is either an ignoramus, or is an advocate of the perpetual servility and degradation of his race (42). Turner opens with what appears to be disdain for Black Americans when he opposes the notion that

The Limits of Efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Limits of Efficiency - Essay ExampleAnd so unions formed, and enough of a public birdsong was raised to stir Congress to action.The COPE Act sounds like a promise to return to the easier age before regulation in some parts of the telephone line television and Internet industry. Because it can chance on months for channel companies to be awarded franchises, this measurement sets up a system of national cable franchising in appellation I (Summary of COPE Act). The bonus is that applications will now be awarded in thirty days. However, this will hold out to the elimination of competition, and insufficient media infrastructure in poor communities, and so this bill threatens the access of many to inexpensive media. As a result, it should not be made into law as it is currently written.It may come along that creating one franchising standard nationwide would be a positive change. As it stands now, cable providers dumbfound to operate on out local franchising agreements with every local government activity where they want to offer their programming. Because telephone companies want to figure the cable television industry, they also have to go through this maze of negotiation, and one force foundation the COPE Act is the telephone companies complaint that the negotiation process is excessively burdensome(COPE Act of 2006).However, for this bill to be fair to all Americans, it should contain more specific requirements for infrastructure. There atomic number 18 currently no requirements for providers to set up infrastructure to all neighborhoods within a particular market, and so people in rich neighborhoods could end up with more choices, and therefore better pricing, than those in poor neighborhoods (COPE Act of 2006). Without this requirement, companies are likely to avoid areas where collections and maintenance costs could be higher, because of higher occurrences of delinquent accounts and vandalism. If one segment of the American population has t he chance to receive lower cable prices, then all segments should have that chance.Also, by creating a national set of franchising requirements, this bill takes away the ability of state and local government to regulate the cable industry in the area of consumer protection, giving that ability instead to the FCC, an already burdened government function that does not have the time to regulate the cable industrys consumer practices as well. The FCC is not currently authorized to gear up refunds, as state and local governments are - the FCC only has the power to fine companies, and that money just goes to the government - not to the victims (COPE Act of 2006).Another area of concern has to do with public, educational, and government channels, or PEG TV. If cable companies no longer have to answer to municipal and state governments, it will no longer have the incentive to give up channels for public/community access space (Davies). This will level further reduce the amount of non-com mercial media available

Notions of gender have significantly informed the development of Essay

Notions of gender have significantly informed the growing of health policy and of health care charge. critically discuss - Essay sheathThis paper illustrates how notions of gender have significantly contributed to the development of health policy and the development of health care.wellness policy is aimed at being a vessel for discussion and exploration of issues in the health system. In particular, it is intended to promoting communication between the health policy and legislators, system researchers, professionals and decision makers who are concerned with development and implementation of health systems and reforms in health care. These policies and reforms are being made in an ever change magnitude pace and policy makers are forced to look over to other countries to find solutions to their own problems. The allegiance of health policy is to ensure that there is international dialogue that makes sure that policies are put into practice based on specific issues and goals as w ell as in the particular situations (Walsh, 2004146).Looking back up at history, there was a growing strength of womens movement in the late mid-sixties and 1970s. This growth challenged the medicalisation of bodies of women and the structure of womens medical health needs as dissimilar from their own priorities and experiences. The womens movement went ahead and questioned the myth that male partners or doctors had better knowledge about their bodies than the women themselves knew (David 2008). This represented the women experiences in sexual, physical, mental and reproductive health needs. Based on the social, economic and political forces that influenced heath, they analysed their experiences and searched for the connections between class, race and gender-based irresistible impulse and the way they affected the women (Graham, 2009146).According to David (2008), there was evolution of the concepts of gender and gender analysis from feminist destine of view that emphasised the c ultural and social nature of most of the differences between women and men. This is

Business Contract Agreement and Possible Negligence Assignment

Business Contract Agreement and Possible Negligence - Assignment exerciseAn fling is a declaration of the expressions on which the postor wishes to adhere to (Deakin et al, 2003). Expression of offers comes in distinct forms and keep be in the form of an advertisement, email, conduct and a letter, only if it communicates the grounds on which the offeror intends to contract. However, an offer should be differentiated from an invitation to transact. Invitation to treat is an expression of willingness to negotiate. This is an invitation for customers to present their offer. However, an offeror making an invitation to treat is not obligated as soon as it is accepted by the offered individual. In this case, the advertisement by Techno products was an invitation to treat and not an offer. This implies that the company invited customers to contract. This implies that the company is not bound to rat the computers to anyone willing to pay for them. This is seen in bobwhite quail v Critt enden (1968), where the court determined that the appellant only intended to offer to sell the birds and was not an offer (Young, 2010). However, an advertisement can be an offer in certain circumstances. In this case, the advertisement by Techno products to sell the computers at ?1 to the first ten customers on 12th September 2013 was an offer. In this case, the actions of Peter depicted sufferance of the offer. This case is similar to Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893). In this case, the company offered a reward to anyone who contracted influenza as a result of using the smoke ball for three times. The court determined that any individual who makes an offer for the sale of items through an advertisement impliedly brandishes notification of acceptance if the primary objective is to sell as many items as possible (Young, 2010). In this case, Techno products chief identify for carrying out the advertisement was to increase its sales after it had seen that its profits we re on the decline.

Early Reading Essay Example for Free

Early Reading EssayFostering a sense of articulation Foucus on how newborn children learn to read and write? What is effective practice? Artcials reflect reasearch on how children learn to read and write.. grounded in what is know about child development We know that roal language is the foundation for literacy develpomen tand that oral lang continues to supposrt lit dev. thourghout the first yrs and beyound. Lang development are interdependen, what we do to supposrt oral lang contributes lit and vice versa. virtual fields trips to bulid up a vocab and build up a background knowledge. family story bk learning at home helps.. recital allowed.The key predictors of long term lit learning.. start children off to a good start and catch continue success Julie Bowtell Proessional Leas Primary Eng, School of edu, uni of herefordshire teachers tv ITE lectures Early exercise teaching lit. reading and pen are mutually beneficial, one impacts positively on the other. Primary currc iulaum is predicated on childrens ability to read, write, speak and listen. What is reading? Reading is much more than the decoding of black marks upon the page it is a quest for import to be an active participant. English for Ages 5 to 16 (The cox report) 16. 2 (1989).Reading is an active surgical process of getting meaning from print. Reading is always a message getting activity 2 aspects Decoding.. rallying cry recog, high frequency words comprehension of whats being read As fluent skilled reading we are reading for sense, menaing.. searching for the menaing that the autor intended. Simple view of reading language comprehension and word acknowledgement Rose review came up with the model and the wording the simple view of reading BIB Gough, P. B. (1972). unrivalled second of reading. In J. F. Kavanagh I. G. Mattingly (eds. ), Language by ear and by the eye (pp. 331-358). Cambridge, MA MIT Press.

Life without IT Essay Example for Free

Life without IT EssayIn 21th century, people are probably all in Facebook, Twitter, Weibo, etc. Are you spending too much time on your computer? A new-fashioned survey shows that about 83% of users said Yes and only 17% of users said No. net profit influences us so much But, did you ever think that if there cooknt computer any more, so what would life be like without the Internet?People may say that No, it is impossible Although Steve Jobs died, but apple Company still survives. So here I want to say, everything is possible, not absolutely. And what would happen if the Internet all disappeared? For me, Life is very different without the internet. Because without the internet, I maybe al musical modes go out to the pubs and enjoy the keep company with them. Also without the internet I fannyt take a shit this much knowledge in computers because I usually learn some cool stuffs under the internet. The Internet is a useful tool for communication by email and instant messagi ng, knocking information and other resources and for just killing free time. People who summon social relations difficult in the real world, or infirm or elderly people, can use the internet to reach out and forge lasting relationships with people they otherwise would never have been able to meet.Well, people would have to start talking to each other more, like they used to, and the full morning chat at the post office will return. Kids would have to used the library to find stuff out instead of using Google, which will get them out of the house and learning to do things for themselves. People will receive letters instead of emails. So many people use the Internet that if whoever banned it from the world everyone would complain that much and so many people would sue them that they would be laboured to put it back on to regain all their money, or everyone should just move to the planet mars. Its boring lifeThe Internet was a technological advancement that excelled us into the 21s t century and changed the way we socialized, did business and purchased goods. It paved the way to the future and still has many exciting advancements ahead of its self. in that respect are however many of us who practiced life before its time and have experienced a life without the Internet.A life without Internet, I cant imagine, myself, living in this century, without the internet, wherefore we should treasure the things we have, dont let Internet disappeared in the world

The Chicago Police Department Essay Example for Free

The Chicago practice of law department EssayThe organizational situation that will be the decoct of this paper is the recent appointment of a civilian super of legal philosophy at the Chicago Police Department. It has been over fifty years since a civilian was appointed as top cop in the City of Chicago. Unfortunately, three of the last four police superintendents have left their position under examen or an ensuing s rout outdal. In 2006, the mayor of the City of Chicago Richard M. Daley publicly announced that a comprehensive search for the next Chicago Police Superintendent will be conducted. After a septenary month search, the front runner was a 35 year vet epochn of the Chicago Police Department (CPD). Mayor Daleys decision to re-evaluate the participants and continue the nationwide search for the position of superintendent proved to be a major blow to police morale. Ultimately, the mayor appointed retired FBI Director Jody Weis as Superintendent of Police. The Superint endent is the commanding officer for the CPD. Under the direction of the Superintendent, the CPD is organized into the First Deputys Office and tail fin bureaus severally commanded by a Deputy Superintendent.The louvre bureaus ar Investigative Services, Patrol Division, Strategic Deployment, nuisance Strategy and Accountability and Administrative Services. Within each of these major operating units be patrol officers, fact-finding staff, support staff and administrative staff. There are approximately 120 subunits which work under these cardinal operating units. There are approximately 13,400 sworn force-out and 1,850 civilians employed by the CPD (Chicago Police. org n. d).The Chicago Police Departments patrol and investigative geographical area are broken down into five Investigative Areas (1-5) and each area is broken down into 25 local police regulates (1-25). Each district is broken down into beats numbering anywhere from 12-15 beats per district. The CPD is entering a new era of police administration and will undergo major restructuring as a result of police decomposition and misconduct, political pressures, and a loss of community self-assertion.According to Bolman and Deal (2003), restructuring is a challenging process that consumes prison term and resources with no guarantee of success (p. 83). Organizations usually embark on a path to change when they facial expression compelled to respond to major problems or opportunities (Bolman Deal, 2003). Unfortunately in the case of the CPD, major problems are the cause for change. reorganization is often the first step a new attractor makes to leave his stamp on the organization. The CPD is an doddery fashioned public bureaucracy that has remained stagnant in its operation for over fifty years of insider control. forwarding from within the ranks is expected. The appointment of an outsider is an effort by the mayor to shake things up with a snap of weeding out misconduct and corruption. Holl oway (2002), defined police corruption as the abuse of police berth for ain or organizational gain (p. 1). The CPD has had its fair share of corruption and official misconduct. Externally, acts of police misconduct can be reported by those affected to a civilian investigative organization or to an inseparable police unit known as Internal Affairs.Internally, acts of police misconduct and corruption may be dramatically under-reported if reported at all. According to Ivkovic (2003, when a police administrator engages in reform and invests resources for the purposes of corruption control without having all the necessary information regarding the extent and nature of the corruption, the administrator will most belike be fighting a losing battle (p. 594). This losing battle in fighting corruption is the main add that Jody Weis will encounter in his new position.Weis is seen as an outsider and even worse, an ex-federal employee. When a police officer is accused of committing acts of misconduct or corruption, the officer is likely to face federal charges and placed under take in by a Federal Agent. Weis is considered an enemy, and unless he is part of the inside police culture, he will neer have full access to internal police information on the existence of misconduct or corruption. The complex phenomenon of police corruption needs to be care fored from an ethical and moral standpoint.To truly address the problem, it is necessary to work not only with the officers and the community, but also with professional policing organizations (Johnson Cox, 2004 p. 67). The lack of community depone is a major factor in restructuring the CPD. Community policing was the first major step in forming a collaborative partnership with the community. It allowed the police and community to work side by side to help each other to save neighborhoods from crime and disorder. Ethics, morals, and professionalism are just a few ways in which the communities trust can be gained.Johnso n and Cox (2004), defined ethics as the moral behavior of an several(prenominal) or group in its surrounding (p. 69). Northouse (2007) further added that ethics concerns itself with the morals and values that the society or an individual finds appropriate (p. 342). A 1996 study by Delattre, (as cited in Johnson Cox, 2004) contends that those who maintain a position of public authority and trust should prescribe to a higher level of moral standards than civilians. The community deserves the right to feel base hit and protected.The community is a powerful force that can organize and demand change by displace pressure on the elected officials. Political pressure is the last of the four factors that affected the change involve in the CPD. The appointment of the Superintendent of Police was orchestrated by the mayor of the City of Chicago. The mayor say that the CPD was in desperate need of a change agent. The mayor was looking for someone that was going to prepare the communitie s trust in the CPD and institute organizational change. The politicos were not happy with an insider being promoted to Superintendent of Police.Political pressures compulsive that the search for a Superintendent of Police continue. Following the appointment of Jody Weis, major organizational and personnel changes were instituted. wizard of the most critical factors that affected the actual implementation of the change was the change of personnel. After approximately ii months of being on the job, Weis removed and appointed 21 of 25 new District Commanders and replaced numerous take over rank Deputies and Chiefs of units. Never in the history of the CPD had anyone made such drastic and unpopular changes.The changes in personnel were made by use of the Chicago Police Departments meritorious promotion clay. This system had for a long time been associated with political clout and nepotism rather than true merit. According to Boseman (2008), leaders are given the opportunity to lead not because they are merely appointed by managers, but because they are seen as leaders. On the contrary, Leonard (2003) contends that many employees select future leadership primarily for their technical skills rather than their interpersonal or people leadership skills.Faced with the current status of the CPD, change was inevitable. With change comes resistance to change. The leader must have a plan to institute change and remedies to quell the fears of change (Kouzes Posner, 2002). Conclusion A primary assumption throughout this analysis has been that the CPD is in need of major policy, procedures, programs, and organizational change. A fuddled argument in favor of this point is the low police morale and community distrust of the CPD.Adhering to the basic principles of the police code of ethics and moral values, police can create a service ground on consent and participation. Overall, the transformational leader must create a vision, get subordinates to buy in, and manifest truthfulness and integrity. The problems that affect the CPD are not situations that can be easily fixed. Over time, hard work and a dedicated collaborative effort between an enthusiastic leader and the community can bring about change. Further research is needed in the area of the complex phenomenon of police corruption. Change can be a good thing.

Art is an expression Essay Example for Free

device is an expression Essay cheat to me is an expression. Society has a way of creating social norms, and through this influence people to become inspired to be different, to express themselves in many ways and to share with others this passion, in the form of cheat. Cultures nurse utilized dodge in the form of drawings, patterns, and techniques for example the type of clothes they offend, and type of houses they live in. Art is everywhere. Albert Einstein at one time said, you could look at life as if nothings a miracle or as if everything is. I think that you great deal look at art in the same way. I remember notice a convey in class on a man and a woman who were in charge of the confederacy project that consisted of hanging sheets for miles. I have no idea why they would do that over a different art project, but I got their message. It was all about working together, doing something that was unique and of their own works, disregarding of everyone elses opinion.The y had to fight the system for a while before they were able to begin. Thats passion. After the readings I cant help but to agree that art offers us a way to go beyond physical existence. What the author is saying to me is that art in every form changes our values our ideas in an effect change our lives. We are not robots, we dont have to stay within regulations we have the ability to be creative. Being creative is the most powerful tool we have some whitethorn argue.To touch back on why people make art, I can remember watching movies as a kid and there was this one kid out of the prep school that did wear the dress uniform to standard like all the other students. He was seeking to be different. ever-changing your uniform up a little to be different is art. Indians may paint their faces and their horses differently so that they stand out of all the others so that they can be found and identify.Same cases Indians made art was to distinguish themselves from other tribes as to not killt heir own people during a raid or battle. I used to become stressed with school and/or with relationship issues so I started drawing. I never liked being told what to draw and how to do it. I mostly like to begin with lines and subsequently find out it looks like something that was unplanned. The reasons why I draw was take my focus off of life. sometimes drawing something that makes you happy can help you to recall memories from good experiences and can turn your day around. Art is my tool and is my passion.

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Example for Free

Advancements in Medical Technology EssayIntroductions Have you or nonplus you had someone, that was near and dear to your family and hearts, pass away and think to yourself If medical technology was just a piddling more than advance, they might have been subject to still be here with me today? Or was their spirit, recognise from your life to soon, because of the need for more advancements in the medical pharmaceutical view of things such(prenominal) as medications and treatments. Maybe, even be able to give them the therapeutic device that would have been able to give them a seven-day life expectancy?One thing to think somewhat is that over the past thirty geezerhood advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and healing(predicate) device fields of Medical Technology has greatly improved the life quality and expectancy of many human beings. (What kind of introduction did you write for your expository essay? Asked a capitulum What other types of introductions mi ght be appropriate for this kind of essay? Providing a startling statistic. allow in interesting facts about the subject.What makes your introduction type more effective than another introduction type for your circumstance essay? By asking a question to the reader, the way that I have asked a question makes it personal to the reader and makes them think and want to read more about what I have written. ) Conclusions My hubby and I believe that if Stem Cell research was around years ago when he was commencement exercise diagnosed by Type I Diabetes, that he would not have to worry so much about his blood sugars going high or low all the time.Now with the advancements in therapeutic devices, we ar able to go to a specialized diabetic doctor (known as a Endocrinologist) and be able to help him get on a Medtronic Insulin Pump, that exit help him with getting his sugars stable and give him the justly amount of insulin that his body needs to function properly like you and I do. On t he bright side due to the fact that in that respect are advancements in medical technology with the therapeutic side of things, there is a small variety of insulin pumps on the market today that he is able to choose from that will fit to his personal needs and wants.With medical personnel continuing to improve upon advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology, there will be more people out there, such as I that will not have to lose their loved ones before their time. (What kind of finding did you write for your expository essay? I think that by finishing up with another question it will hopefully convince the reader that everything I have provided will have them agreeing with my essay.Also something that would be more effective would be to provide an ironic twist, a strike observation. What other types of conclusions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Restating the thesis or summarizing the main points of my essay W hat makes your conclusion type more effective than another conclusion type for your particular essay? By providing an ironic twist, with a surprising observation from my own personal life might help the reader understand more of wherefore I was so passionate about writing about those things in my essay. )

Historically Australian Indigenous Art Is Often Politically or Spiritually Motivated Essay Example for Free

Historically Australian Indigenous Art Is Often Politically or spiritually Motivated EssayHistorically Australian art is often politically or spiritually motivated. This control is proved by a number of indigenous Australian artists including, Nellie Nakamarra Marks, who uses tralatitious techniques and motives to relay her spirituality, and Tony Albert, who recontextualises mainstream items, to crap a postmodern line of battle, challenging the idea of stereotypical equateations in mainstream kitchen-gardening. All spiritual beliefs in Aboriginal culture relate back to the idea of creation and dreaming.The dreaming is the ongoing cultural and spiritual progression that informs identity element and knowledge, which is expressed through traditional indigenous art. This reflects a spiritual society to the overthrow, which is represented by signs and symbols as well as other various techniques, which are unique to traditional indigenous art. Signs and symbols can represent a peculiar(prenominal) location, object or landmark, or a particular story or totem that would be specific to a particular tribe, corroboree or dreamtime story.In traditional indigenous art kit and caboodle, there is no situation or fixed vanishing points for landscape artworks because indigenous Australians do not see their environment as a landscape, but their particular world and universe. They create a concept of place by using signs and symbols to create a map- uniform artwork, which represents their particular world and universe. Essentially, traditional indigenous Australian artists are painting their spirituality, by expressing their connection to the land through signs, symbols and their world.Nellie Nakamarra Marks is a traditional indigenous artist, from the east of Kintore in the Northern Territory. In her work Kalipinypa, there is no set pattern and everything is connected which suggests her spiritualty and connection with the land. Her use of the traditional form of dot painting for her particular area of the Central Desert Region symbolises her world as she sees it, and how she heard about it through stories.In the middle of the right hand side there is overlook of colour, which could symbolise a particular place that has particular spiritual significance. The dark shapes also look like leaves, which could represent the end of season and the coming of autumn, which is supported by the deep, vibrant influence in the painting. The colours also represent her region and place in Australia. The many different varieties of the same shapes could symbolise innovation within their own tribe, as well as the different shapes and movements of the land.The purpose of this artwork is to educate and turn on a particular story to younger generations. Postmodern art challenges mainstream ideas, which usually creates a political or social statement about modern society. Contemporary indigenous art in particular would be classified as postmodern because the artists are communicating their feelings and thoughts about certain aspects of society in modern Australia, which in turn, challenges some pre conceived notions about indigenous Australians in todays society.These particular works by Tony Albert are postmodern, because he recontextualises items from recent history, that were used to create an unrealistic connection between washcloth Australia and indigenous Australia in the 50s and 60s, to challenge history, both politically and socially. Tony Alberts collection recycles kitsch black velvet paintings produced in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s. These velvet paintings were very popular in the get fifty years as home decorations, and like many objects from this period, they were characterized by their depictions of Aboriginal people as simple folk.These ornaments enabled white Australians of the time to have a distant and unrealistic connection to indigenous people. Albert recontextualises these paintings by introducing stenciled s logans to the paintings to create a complex and identifiable character. He uses the languages of politics and pop culture to reconnect the artworks with modern Australia and thus reality. These slogans reclaim the faces of the aboriginals, transferring them from helpless and cute, to bold and complex, which asserts a modern identity and feel of self.This makes the characters more personal, which then creates a connection between the viewer and the subject that is mimicked throughout the collection. The slogans are derived from pop songs, nursery rhymes, advertising, political speeches and sprightliness stories, which has launched these velvet paintings into a new identity, which enables the viewer to connect with the characters beyond a stereotyped context.The generic and common velvet paintings have become empowered and personalized, asserting a new sense of self, which makes this collection actually compelling. This collection by Tony Albert, addresses the write out of stereo typical representations of indigenous Australians in mainstream culture. He challenges this present and historic issue of cultural alienation and displacement experienced by Indigenous Australians by appropriating slogans and recontextualising them to create a sense of lost identity and estrangement.Through the use of many different mediums, Aboriginal artists are motivated by their spirituality or political standpoint to produce art. This is shown by Nellie Nakamarra Marks, who is motivated by her connection to the land and her spirituality, and Tony Albert, who was trying to communicate the stereotypical views of indigenous Australians in mainstream culture. Kalipinypa NELLIE NAKAMARRA attach Acrylic on linen, 90? 90cm Kalipinypa NELLIE NAKAMARRA MARKS Acrylic on linen, 90? 90cm.

Why Do Sunnis (Taliban) Hate Shias Essay Example for Free

Why Do Sunnis (Taliban) Hate Shias judgeTaliban the worlds most extreme and radical Islamic organization that inspires fascination, controversy, and especially fear in both the Islamic world and the West has been brought into sharp focus in Ahmed Rashids book Taliban. This enormously insightful book gives an measure of Talibans rise to power, its impact on sheepskin coatistan and the Central Asian region. The book also analyzes the wider regional and geopolitical implications of the Talibans advent to power and the role that Taliban has to play in oil and gas companies decisions. The author also discusses intimately the changing attitudes of various matterries like America and Saudi Arabia towards Taliban and its effects on Afghanistan.The word Taliban has been derived from the term talib, which means a student of an Islamic seminary. These seminaries relieve oneself existed for thousands of years and Islamic boys have gone to these schools to study the Koran, Islamic law, in order to become p realizeers. The Taliban took this name because it is a symbol of Islam, and a symbol of doing good, and bringing citizenry nearly to an Islamic viewpoint, and imposing law and order. It was a name that was initially welcomed by the Afghan people.To understand the malevolence mingled with the Hazaras and Iran and the Taliban it is very important to clarify here that the Hazars and Persians ar Shias while the Taliban are mostly Sunnis. And for me, the master(prenominal) reason why the Taliban hate Hazaras and Iran and why Iran and Hazaras hate Taliban is because of the one mentioned above. The enmity between the Sunni Pashtuns and the Shia Hazaras goes a foresightful way but the Taliban brought a young edge to the conflict for they treated all the Shias as hypocrites and beyond the pale of true Islam.The earliest clashes between the Shia Hazaras and the Sunni Pashtuns can be traced all the way back to 1893 ab come in 100 years before the creation of the Taliban. Pashtun king Abdul Rehman, who initiated the first anti-Hazara program, killing thousands of Hazars, moving thousands more to capital of Afghanistan where they lived as serfs and servants, and destroying their mosques (Rashid 68).The first most important event that soiled the reputation of the Taliban inthe eyes of the Hazaras, and their chief(prenominal) patron Iran was the controversial death of the Hazara leader, Abdul Ali Mazari while in Taliban custody. Masud, the Mujaheddin leader launched a surprise attack against the Hazaras, send tanks into Kabuls s offhern suburbs, smashing the Hazaras and driving them out of Kabul. In desperation the Hazars cut a deal with the forward-moving Taliban, yielding their arms and their positions to them.But while in the custody of Taliban the Hazara leader died. The Hazaras contest that he was pushed out of a helicopter, because he tried to grab a rifle when he was being taken to Kandahar as a prisoner. But the Taliban continue t o deny their involvement in it and continue to say that it was an accident. The death of Mazari, unintended or intentional was one of the first events that soiled the reputation of the Taliban in the eyes of the Hazars (Radhid 35).There have been numerous clashes between the Hazaras and the Taliban. Probably one of the most remarkable clashes that took place between the Hazaras and the Taliban was in 1997. Malik who was the secondment in command to Dostum betrayed Dostum when a feud broke out between them. Malik went to the Taliban and asked them to help him oust Dostum. This was further the opportunity that Taliban had been waiting for. Together with Dostum and his few accomplices Taliban attacked Dostum on 19 May 1997. This created an unrest within his ranks, and briefly a group of 2500 heavily armed Taliban men entered Mazara. The Taliban troops, most of whom had never been to the join before, arrogantly started disarmament the fierce Hazara troops, took over mosques where they declared the imposition of the Sharia law, shut down schools and host women off the streets.This of extend created a lot anti-Taliban feeling amongst the Mazars. On 28 May 1997, when a squabble broke out because group of Hazaras were resisting disarmament, hell broke out. First Mazars Hazaras then the rest of the population rose in revolt. savage in street fighting and not knowing the maze of city alleyways, the Taliban were easy victims as they drove their pickups drove right into dead ends. Within 15 hours some 600 Taliban s emeritusiers were shamblesd and 1000 more were at the airport as they were tried to flee. Soon Malik organized his troops and then took control of four northern provinces, which the Taliban had captured.The rest Taliban troops were either shot dead or buried in mass graves. Encouraged by this, Masud recaptured the territory that hadfallen to the Taliban just a week before. Thousands of more Taliban were either killed or captured. Meanwhile the Hazar as, spurred on by the Mazar victory also counter attacked, breaking the nine month Taliban siege of their homeland, Hazarajat. It was one of the flog defeats of the Taliban with over 3000 casualties, killed or wounded, and some 3600 men were taken as prisoners (Rahid 58-59).This sort of massacre of the Taliban left a permanent dent in the minds of the Taliban and made them even more anti Hazaras than they already were. The Taliban responded to this brutal massacre of their forces, in 1998. It was on 12 July when it all began, the Taliban swept northwards after sweeping Dostums forces. They later move on as they bribed the Uzbek officials who were guarding the western road into Mazar, leaving the 1500 Hazara force susceptible to a sudden attack. It came in the early hours of 8 August 1998, when the Hazara force found them to be surrounded. They fought till their ammunition lasted and then it happened.Taliban soldiers entered Mazara on an unsuspecting public. What followed was a bru tal massacre, as the Taliban took revenge of their losses from the previous year. The killing went on for days. The Taliban went on a frenzy, killing and shooting all(prenominal)one they saw including children and women. Then the Taliban went into the houses of Hazaras and massacred entire families. Bodies were not given proper sepulcher and were left to rot for days on the streets. Although it was impossible to get a correct body count but it was estimated that 5000 to 6000 people were killed in the massacre (Rashid 72-73).Once in control of the north the Taliban aimed to cleanse the north of the Shias. Shias were given three choices convert to Sunni Islam, leave for Shia Iran or die. All prayers services that were conducted by the Shia in mosques were banned. The Taliban governor general of Mazar, Mullah Niazi declared The Hazaras are not Muslims and now we have to kill the Hazaras. Wherever you go we exit catch you. If you go up we allow for exit you down by your feet if y ou hide below, we will pull you up by your hair. This clearly shows us that the hate between the two main groups of Muslims had reached a new level which was based on pure hate and abhorrence (Rahid 74).The Talibans brutal treatment of the Shia Hazaras made Iran which is a Shia country very anti-Taliban. Iran became very critical of the Taliban and tried to stop their movement at every step. They back up anti-Taliban bail bonds and started interfere in the politics of Afghanistan. They funded m some(prenominal) leaders and many kings who were anti-Taliban in a desperate set out of restricting Talibans advancements. Iran declared publicly that it would support any anti-Taliban alliance and appealed to Russia, India and the Central Asian states to help them also. In fact Iran was flying 22 flights a day to Mazar carrying arms. The reaction of this sort of support of Iran to any anti-Taliban alliance was that the Taliban officials were furious and accused Iran of supporting the opp osition and grew even more hostile to Iran (Rashid 61).One of the most significant events that permanently damaged the reputation of the Taliban before Iran was the fall of Baimyan. Taliban occupied Baimyan and destroyed nearly 2000 year old Bhudda statues there. Iran responded to this by organizing a military exercise of some seventy thousand men, backed by guns and tanks on the Iran-Afghanistan border. This was followed by some 200,000 Iranian troops that were placed along the Iran-Afghanistan border. The Taliban also mobilized some 5000 fighters to prevent the Iranian invasion. Tensions between Iran and Taliban subsided when the UN Security Council sent Lakhdar Brahimi and met Mullah Omar (Rashid 76).In conclusion, I would like to say that Taliban has been a very evoke and fascinating book. In the end everyone comes out looking bad, in this book. Every nation, every economic faction, and every ethnic group acts purely out of short-term self interest without worrying about the p eople of Afghanistan, whose lives they were damaging. The United States firstly supports Taliban and then tries to eliminate them because they had lost interest in the Taliban regime and it no long-run served their (United States) propose.Even Iran interfered in the life and politics of Afghanistan because they wanted to save the Shias there. They never really cared for the other factions of the Afghan population. Even Pakistan and Saudi Arabia interfered in Afghanistan because they wanted to protect the interests of the Sunnis there, and even they did not care about any other factions of theAfghan population there.I think that before we can even start opinion of a secular and a peaceful Afghanistan, it is very important for all outside governing bodys to stop interfering in the life and the politics of Afghanistan. I think that another reason why Afghanistan is so intolerant of other religions and cultures is because they are forced to be intolerant of other religions and cult ures. Like the Sunnis have to be intolerant of the Shias and be brutal to them otherwise they will not be able to impress the Pakistan and the Saudi government which will result in a cut of their donations. For once the people of Afghanistan should once feel that they are independent and that they do not have to work under some government.Also, while I do say that there should be no external influence in the politics and the life of Afghanistan, I would also say that foreign governments have to make an honest effort to develop Afghanistan. Governments have to key to it that they make sure that they are developing entire Afghanistan and not just the people they support, because then it will lead to the same situation that we have right now. The whole of Afghanistan needs to feel united and if and one group develops and the other does not then it will lead to enmity and jealousy between the two groups. Also, by being economically self-sufficient Afghanistan will not be susceptible to foreign influence because they will not be dependent on other countries for aid and loans.And if Afghanistan is not true then it will lead to a big black hole which will just reach out and take the whole world with it. Which can range from illegal trade across the borders to nickel-and-dime(prenominal) drugs on American streets to the bombings of the WTC.

Hamlet Act Two Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Act Two EssayHamlet Act ll An important type in the play Hamlet is Polonius. Polonius is often thought to be foolish, and thoughtless. However, Polonius is anything plainly foolish, and thoughtless. Polonius is a man who is very intellectual, and he provides commission to those who need it. For example, his advice to Reynaldo on how tomonitor Laertess wild behavior is magnificent and brilliant. His advice to Opheliaabout Hamlet, love, and ticker is very accurate.Polonius is considered a fool to some people, because Hamlet is making it seem that way, he wants to put Polonius down, and reconstruct Polonius seem like a fool. Hamlet is rude to Polonius, and constantly making fun of him. At star point Hamlet calls Polonius a fishmonger. Hamlet then makes his insult worse by privation that Polonius were as honest as a fishmonger, which is to say that Polonius is lower than the lowest.Although, Polonius is nothing of the sort, another example of Polonius providing guidan ce to those who need it is when Laertes is waiting for his ship to depart, Polonius has a couple of minutes to tellhim how to live well. His brief advice is insightful and parental. He tells Laertes to infer beforehe acts, listen more than talk,keep good friends close but dont worryabout drinking buddies. Dont get in fights, watch your money, and take care of your appearance, things like that. Polonius is the amiable to seek to discover the truth on his own.He studies Hamlet to link his madness to love and betrayal. He then seeks to trial his theories by testing Hamlets sanity through a slew of inquiring questions. A foolish man does not do this. Perhaps, Polonius was just putting on an act, to make people think that he was foolish and stupid. Regardless of his motives, Polonius cannot be described as a simple character. Polonius has gotten a openhanded reputation, but further depth into his character reveals that Polonius is indeed a complex character with a capacious deal of w isdom.

Romeo and Juliet vs Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet vs Macbeth EssayIn the first guesswork of Romeo and Juliet is set disclose in town, whereas Baz lurhmans interpretation of Romeo and Juliet it is set out in a gun station which is overly a public place but the main reason this is used as the opening scene is to show that its modernised version. In Macbeth the first scene is set out on heath, however in palanskis 1960 film version is set out on a beach. In both Romeo and Juliet there is violence but of different types. In Romeo and Juliet the violence is a quarrel between two families, it is gang related violence whereas in Macbeth two countries are at war, it has tell and order unlike Romeo and Juliet.In both plays the main characters are not seen in scene 1 of the plays however are mentioned and we gain knowledge of the characters through the voice of others. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is fist mentioned by his mother, chick Montague when she says O where is Romeo? Saw you him today? also when lady Montag ue asks Benvolio where Romeo was he replied that he was up an hour originally dawn, walking west of the city and trying to calm his troubled mind, when he saw Romeo in a grove of sycamore. Benvolio walked towards his friend, but Romeo spotted him and went further into the woods, out of sight.This shows that he is trying to isolate himself outside(a) from everyone. Benvolio knew how Romeo matte so wanted to leave him alone, however lord Montague doesnt agree that Romeo should be left alone. He tells Benvolio that Romeo is such(prenominal) out in the sycamore grove Many a morning hath he there been seen, with bust augmenting the fresh morning dew, adding to clouds more clouds with his deep sighs. Not only does Romeo wander about, weeping and sighing, he also locks himself in his room and makes it dark.In Macbeth, Macbeth is first mentioned by the witches, which is not a good sign because in Shakespeares day if you are connected to witches in any way its bad. In scene 2, the mas ter key describes Macbeth as brave and that his sword is smoked with blood. This suggests that Macbeth is a violent and cruel killer. In both plays we tolerate identify that conflict are very close to both Romeo and Macbeth although Macbeth has a greater involvement in it because Romeo isnt interested in his family feud.As his father is worriedly talking about him, Romeo appears. Benvolio asks Romeos parents to step divagation so that he can find out whats wrong with Romeo. Benvolio promises that if he doesnt discover what Romeos problem is, it habitude be for lack of trying, he says, Ill know his grievance, or be much denied . Benvolio is now pursuit out Romeo to find out whats wrong with him . Though he hasnt been saying anything to his parents, Romeo is open with his friend.Benvolio asks questions to Romeo to sustain the audience find out whats wrong with him, and Romeo tells him that he is Out of her favour, where I am in love Then follows a long discussion of love, during which we find that Romeo is in love. The fact that Romeo confides with Benvolio shows their true alliance . For a moment, it appears that Romeo is tired of talking about love. He asks Benvolio where they are going to have lunch, and then says, O me What fray was here? But neither food nor fighting can really turn Romeos thoughts away from love.Rather than let Benvolio say anything about the brawl, Romeo says, Yet tell me not, for I have hear it all. Heres much to do with hate, but more with love . In saying, I have heard it all, Romeo does not cockeyed that he has heard all about the fight that just took place. He means that he has heard all about fighting in general. And he doesnt care. Romeos language to benvolio shows his state of mind, he using oxymorons, join of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health this suggests that he has a troubled mind, he is confused and he has a lack of direction doesnt know what to do this is where benvolio helps him.

Tradeblocks Case Essay Example for Free

Tradeblocks Case Essay lesser barter owners today are facing more hardship than ever before. Internet commerce and regional trade blocs are the two main culprits. Regional trade blocs combine company interests and are legion(predicate) time created by a nation, along with their neighboring nations, in order to compete more effectively in the global market. Another reason for the reboundation of these blocs bear also be so be to enable the involved nations in their efforts to impose more substantial sanctions against nations with whom they are at war or with which thy have political issues. There are many reasons for this trend and unless this trend is reversed, small businesses will cross to suffer and run the risk of no longer being viable.Robert Scott states in his speech, The U.S. Trade Deficit, Are We traffic Away Our Future?, that while U.S. workers have been hurt by globalization, multinational companies based in brotherhood America have prospered. Reversing this t rend will require government help and support. He also states that these unceremonial coalitions have successful undermined a great many trade initiatives during the last few years.The big drumhead is, what steps can be taken to reverse this kind of trend and help small businesses to call back a more equitable footing the new global market? Linda Schmid writes in her article, Identifying Business Interests in WTO Services Talks, that companies rising up in developing countries can shape their trade future by knowing the market, spotting the barriers and voicing interests in the right channels.Even though the landscape of small business positioning in the global market is bleak, the future can bring about profound change. Governments can easily assist their resident small business by joining with peer nations to help them to form coalitions of their own in order to have a louder voice with relevant venues such as the manhood Trade Organization. By doing this, small businesses can more effectively stand up to the new bullies on the block.BIBLIOGRAPHYScmid, Linda Identifying Business Interests in WTO Services Talks, International Trade Forum, issue 2/2005Scott, Robert The U.S. Trade Deficit, Are We handicraft Away Our Future? THIS TESTIMONY WAS GIVEN BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND TRADE ON JULY 22,1999.

Hybrid Beamforming Design for 5G Wireless Communications

Hybrid Beam sorting Design for 5G Wire little CommunicationsTo comply with evolving 5G standards, high-pitcheder(prenominal)(prenominal) data place (and greater bandwidth), lower-latency network accesses, and more energy-efficient implementations be needed.While 5G standards be still very much evolving, the goals for higher data rates, lower-latency network accesses, and more energy-efficient implementations are clear. And with higher data rates comes the need for wider bandwidth spectrums. Today, available bandwidth in the spectrum up through 6 GHz isnt sufficient to satisfy these requirements. This, in turn, has processed move the target in operation(p) frequency bands up into the millimeter-wave range for the next generation of wireless communication corpses.The small wavelengths at these higher frequency bands enable implementations with many more transmitting aerial elements per system within very small form factors. However, it also developments the signal- racetrack and propagation challenges associated with operating at these frequencies. For example, the path sack for a 60-GHz waveform is approximately 10.5 dB/km, while a 700-MHz waveform experiences path loss on the order of 0.01 dB/km.These losses good deal be off notice with intelligent chip in mock up and the use of spatial signal-processing techniques, including placeforming. This type of processing is enabled by walloping ranges and behind be used directly to provide higher link-level gains to everywherecome path loss and un desired interference sources.To achieve the most carry and flexibility with beamforming in an active crop use, its desirable to have independent weighting encounter over each antenna-array element. This requires a transmit/receive (T/R) mental faculty consecrate to each element. For array sizes typical of a large ternary-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communication system (e.g., over a thousand elements), such an architecture is difficult to build due to approach, space, and might limitations.For example, implementing a very high makeance analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for every channel (along with the supporting comp starnts) corporation drive the cost and power beyond allocated design budgets. Similarly, having variable gain amplifiers in the RF chain for each channel increases system cost.Going HybridHybrid beamforming is a popular technique that can be used to partitioning beamforming amongst the digital and RF domains. System designers can implement hybrid beamforming to balance flexibility and cost tradeoffs while still fielding a system that meets the required performance parameters.Hybrid-beamforming designs are developed by combining multiple array elements into subarray modules. A T/R module can be dedicated to multiple elements in the array thus, the system impart require fewer T/R modules. The way out of elements in each subarray can be selected to ensure that syst em-level performance is met across the range of steering angles. development the transmit path as an example, each element within a subarray can have a shape shift applied directly in the RF domain, while digital beamforming techniques based on heterogeneous weighting vectors can be applied on the signals that feed each subarray. Digital beamforming allows for control of the signal for both amplitude and phase on signals aggregated at the subarray level. For cost and complexity reasons, the RF control is typically limited to applying phase shifts to each of the elements.Diagram here, haoma 1Figure 1. A hybrid-beamforming architecture has partitioning between the digital and RF domains. Multiple array elements are combined into subarray modules. apiece element within a subarray has a phase shift applied directly in the RF domain, while digital beamforming techniques are applied on the signals that feed each subarray. Systems such as the one shown in Figure 1 are complex to develo p. Modeling techniques can be used to design and pronounce large antenna arrays and the corresponding RF and digital architectures needed to help manage their complexity. These techniques help reduce risk and validate design approaches at the earliest stages of a project. In addition, its important to evaluate subsystem designs in the context of the larger system. For example, how will hybrid beamforming tradeoffs affect the bit error rate on communications with a mobile device?Designing the ArrayThe number 1 step in the design process is to model and design the array. This includes converging on array design choices such as the array geometry, element spacing, the lattice structure of the elements, and tapered. In addition, the effects of mutual coupling are important to modify before implementing the final design. Once an initial configuration of the array design is complete, architectural partitioning can be iteratively evaluated against the overall system performance.With mi llimeter-wave systems, the area is reduced in proportion to the wavelength size. As an example, an antenna array intentional at millimeter-wave frequencies can be up to 100 times smaller than an array designed to operate at microwave frequencies. By building an array with a larger number of antenna elements, we can achieve a high beamforming gain. The highly directive beam helps offset the increased path loss at higher frequencies of operation, as beams are steered to a specific direction.To achieve steering in azimuth and elevation, a uniformly spaced planar array in the y and z flavourless can be designed. The larger number of elements provides a high level of directivity. The design also has tapering applied to the rows and columns of the array to reduce sidelobe levels.To help reduce the effects of mutual coupling, the spacing between elements can be slightly increased. As is the case with all design choices, the larger antenna gains achieved with narrower beams mustiness be balanced with the fact that MIMO systems are based on scattering environments. These environments also depend on broader beam patterns to maximize channel capacity. This tradeoff can be assessed as part of the modeling, too.The image on the proficient side of Figure 2 shows that with spacing of wavelength/2 between the elements, no grating lobes are present across the full range of steering directions, as expected. Its important to understand the impacts here, because it may be unavoidable to increase the spacing between the elements to mitigate the effects of mutual coupling. This crucial design consideration must be accounted for at this juncture.Fortunately, at the higher frequencies, where wavelength/2 spacing is quite small to start with, an increase in element separation by 10% of a wavelength only requires a change of less than 0.5 mm at 66 GHz. Figure 3 shows the tradeoff that must be considered when exploitation a grating lobe diagram with a 10% increase in the spacing b etween the elements. For this example, grating lobes are only present with azimuth and elevation angles outside 54.9 degrees.Extending the Model FidelityNext, in a more detailed example, an array is built up as a collection of subarrays. The element used in this example, which is based on a patch antenna designed for 66-GHz resonance, is no longer ideal. The element pattern for a single patch element is shown in Figure 4.To build up an array using this pattern, each subarray is modeled as an 8-1 element uniform linear array, where each element has a pattern response from the patch element.The resulting array structure can be visualized like that shown in Figure 5, with each subarray (8 elements 1 subarray) on the left and the full array (1 subarray replicated in 8 columns) on the right.From the hybrid-beamforming perspective, each of the elements within the 8-1 array can be passed through a phase shifter for steering in the elevation plane. We see how this can be modeled in the RF domain with the phase shifters in the following section. Each of the eight signals that feed the subarrays can be controlled via digital beamforming techniques to steer the beam in azimuth.Figure 2 shows the resulting beam pattern for the array in the above configuration, which has been calculated using superposition.Hybrid-Beamformer dividerWe can then partition the architecture for the transmit chain with the phase shifts (applied in the RF domain) and complex weights (applied in the digital domain). For basic analysis, the weights are able to be generated using MathWorks MATLAB, Phased Array System Toolbox, and approach Toolbox code, as shown in the code belowThis MATLAB code is used to model analog phase shifts (applied in the RF domain) and digital complex weights (applied in the digital domain). Weights are generated with MATLAB, Phased Array System Toolbox, and transmitting aerial Toolbox.Applying the array design parameters, the digital weights and the RF phase shifts ge nerated in MATLAB earlier (a multi-domain simulation) can be performed using the architecture model in Simulink (Fig. 7). In this block diagram, the phase shifts are provided as inputs to each of the subarrays, which are then applied to the RF signals. The digital beamforming weights are used to shape the signals feeding each of the subarrays.7. In the multi-domain hybrid architecture, digital weights and RF phase shifts generated in MATLAB can be used within the architectural model in Simulink and SimRF. The phase shifts are provided as inputs to each of the subarrays, which are then applied to the RF signals. The digital beamforming weights are used to shape the signals feeding the subarrays.Figure 8 provides a detailed position into a single RF Array block from Fig. 7. The RF phase shifters shown in Fig. 8 perform the beamforming in the elevation plane, while the baseband weights provide the beamforming in the azimuth plane.8. Here, an RF transmit chain uses SimRF blocks to cont rol phase shifters (a single RF Transmit Array block is shown). The RF phase shifters perform the beamforming in the elevation plane, while the baseband weights provide the beamforming in the azimuth plane.Multi-Beam Hybrid System ArchitecturesThe model can be extended to support multi-user beamforming systems. To do this, the baseband beamforming blocks described above are employed to create multiple beams from the array to cover multiple users concurrently (Fig. 9). This beamforming can also be used to account for the path variations between the sender and the desired user locations.The resulting signals are able to be combined to perform the RF beamforming and arrange the different users in a sector at specific distances from the base station. As discussed earlier, the subarray modules enable vulgar elevation angle adjustment (by phase shifters), and multi-user groups can be arranged by distance in a ring structure to effectively provide areas of coverage.9. Base band beam form ing blocks create multiple beams to cover multiple users concurrently, and can also be used to account for the path variations between the transmitter and the desired user locations.SummaryBy implementing a hybrid-beamforming system, designers can strike a balance between meeting system performance goals and system-level cost objectives.Developing a hybrid beamformer and evaluating algorithm alternatives is only the first step toward achieving the required performance of a wireless communications system. To assess performance, the beamformer must be corporate into a system-level model and evaluated over a collection of parameter, steering, and channel combinations.Modeling these beamforming algorithms in the context of an holy system, including RF, antenna, and signal-processing components, can help verify design choices at the earliest phases of the project and reduce the associated challenges.Singular entertain DecompositionSingular value decomposition (SVD) is quite possibly t he most widely-used multivariate statistical technique used in the atmospheric sciences. The technique was first introduced to meteorology in a 1956 paper by Edward Lorenz, in which he referred to the process as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Today, it is also commonly cognise as principal-component analysis (PCA). All three names are still used, and refer to the same set of procedures within the Data Library.The purpose of singular value decomposition is to reduce a dataset containing a large number of values to a dataset containing significantly fewer values, but which still contains a large fraction of the variability present in the original data. Often in the atmospheric and geophysical sciences, data will exhibit large spatial correlations. SVD analysis results in a more compact representation of these correlations, oddly with multivariate datasets and can provide insight into spatial and temporal variations exhibited in the fields of data universe analyzed.T here are a few caveats one should be aware of before computing the SVD of a set of data. First, the data must consist of anomalies. Secondly, the data should be de-trended. When trends in the data exist over time, the first structure often captures them. If the purpose of the analysis is to find spatial correlations independent of trends, the data should be de-trended before applying SVD analysis.

Principles of the Photoacoustic Effect

Principles of the Photoacoustical fixphotothermal and photoacousticPhotothermam science encompasses a wide range of techniques and phenomena based upon the conversion of absorbed optical energy into heat. visual energy is absorbed and eventually converted into thermal energy by an enormous number of strong comfortings, liquids, and catalystes. In fact, the optical energy is absorbed, the excited states in atoms or molecules lose their excition energy by a series of non- radiative transitions that leave alone in a general heating in the material.The underlying principles of the photoacoustic piece gestate been studied for more then a century. it was named photocoustic because the photothermal heating effect was get winded by an indirect acoustic method in 1880. Alexander Grshsm Bell (cited in Favier J.P.1997) had discovered the early concept of the photoacoustic effect when he tried to explain the operation of his photophone. He had done a lot of experiments on photoacoustic effect with solids, screw upes and liquids, where spiel light(a) was apply to illuminate the strain. through the experiments, Bell discovered that when a periodically interrupted propagate of sunlight shines on a solid in an enclosed carrell, an audible sound could be perceive by means of hearing tube attached to the cell. the photoacoustic effect discovered by Bell was regarded as a part of the family of photothermal phenomena encompassing many effect produced by the heat generated in a sample distribution due to the absorption of electromagnetic energy.In 1881,both Tyndah and Withem Roentgen (cited in Favier J.P. 1997) confirmed Bells experiment on turgidnesses. they institute that an acoustic pre word form could also be produced when a gas in an enclosed cell is illuminated with modulation light. But due to the limitation of hearing tubes as detectors in the early experiment, progress in the field of photoacoustic died down. therefore, the photoacoustic technique had lay dormant for almost 50 years, until the advent of a mike 50 years later the photoacoustic effect with gases was reexamined. then it had belong a well-established technique for gas analysis. photons in the photoacoustic cell absorbed by the gas was converted into kinetic energy of the gas molecules, thus it gives rise to hug fluctuations within the cell.All the discoveries in the photoacoustic effect originate from 1938 was entirely limited to gases only. the phoyoacoustic effect on solid matter did not occur until the early of 1970. it is almost 90 years after Bells discovery, since 1973, photoacoustic effect has potently reemerged on the solid sample. ti has revived with the development of a very useful technique spectroscopic investigation of solid material.The photoacoustic effect in condensed matter may be detected by microphone absorption of play light by a solid sample produce a modulated heating of the sample step forward. This heating cause pressure waves to be cr eated in a gas in contact with the sample, producing an acoustic signal in the gas, which may be detected by a microphone. the sample, pairing gas, and the microphone ar enclosed in a gas light photoacoustic cell. the cell acoustically isolates the microphone from external noise and contains a window enabling the modulated light to illuminate the sample (Almond and Patel 1996)Bells premiere experiment on a condensed matter sample, revea direct the fact that the loudest signal were produced by sample with the darkest colours. a fewer other experiments were performed in the years following, however condensed matter photoacoustic died out until the 1970 Parker (1073) carried out the experiment about to value the phootoacoustic effect in solid when he tried to carry out the experiment on the photoacoustic effect in gases. in his experiment, he worked on gas phase photoacoustic, attributed an anomalously large PA signal to absorption of light by the windows of his cell.Three years l ater, Rosencwing and Gersho (1976) derived the one-dimensional theory for a photoacoustic effect from asolid material, which has become known as the R-G theory and which has basis for the most other theories on microphone photoacoustic detection from a solid sample. in his hypothesis, the primary source of the photoacoustic signal result from a periodic heat settle from the solid to the surrounding gas. these can be explained when the beam of light falls onto sample, the heat produced by the light absorbed in the sample will diffuse from the sample to the gas through the sample gas interface. by modulating the light beam, we are actually causes the expansions of the gas layer which near to the sample and this will in conclusion create a sound wave.The R-G theory has been shown to be agood model by subsequent experiment work. Therefore, it led to direct expansions in photoacoustic research in 1970. The publication of the R-G theory, stimulated work in photoacoutic and number of do cument have been written on the subject, describing various light sources, sample, cells, modulation technique and frequencies, detection methods and signal bear on apparatus. This theory will be discussed in detail in the next chapterThe photothermal and photoacoustic research was investigated since 1970 due to trey major factors.i) Devlopment of intense light sources, such as laser and high pressurearc lamps,such as xenon arc lamps.ii) ontogenesis of sensitive detection equipment, such as condenser and electret microphones and piezoelectric detectorsiii) Development of more sensitive signal processing equipment such as filters and sensitive lock -in amplifiers.The improvement in the above three areas enabled the photoacoustic effect to be studied and hence higher sensitivity photoacoustic spectroscopy could be performed.Schemes of Photoacoustic Detection.All photothermal system work a modulated source of electromagnetic radiation usually a light source, to generate modulated he ating in a sample medium. the system rely on the absorption by the medium of electromagnetic energy and its subsequent conversion into thermal energy. this heating result in a number of physical changes inand around the sample, figure 1.1 is schematic illustration of the phenomena resulting from the characterization of sample surface to a localized periodically modulated light source.in addition to a change in the temperature of the sample, it is also produced infrared, acoustic waves, surface expansion, thermoelastic waves, surface reflectivity modulation and refractive great power gradient in the medium in contact with the heated surface. all of these effects could be used to probe the photothermal response of an enormous number of materials solids, liquids, and gases. the thermal wave detection method were classified in to acoustic and thermal detection techniques. acoustic detection technique employ either a gas condenser microphone for the detection of pressure variation in a ir or a piezoelectric transducer for the detection of thermoelastic waves in solid media. thermal detection method includes the use of thermocoupe or pyroelectric transducers (photopyroelectric detection, PPE)to detect waves directly. (Murphy et al. 1992) Incident Refractive index gradient Infrared emission Surface Reflectivity modulation acoustic waves Surface expansionthermal thermoelasticwaves wavessamplefigure 1.1 photothremal effect caused by illumination of a surface by a modulated beam of light (Almond and Patel 1997)1.3 Objective of the present study.CHAPTER 2THEORY2.1 Introduction.In this chapter, will discuss the theory of photoacoustic effect in the condensed matter.the formulation of Rosencwaing -Gersho (R-G)theory from the acoustic detection technique employ a gas condenser microphone for the detection of pressure variation in air are described. According to R-G model,when heat is created by means of non radiative transition with a boundary layer of the gas in the cell . Since the light is chopped, the photoacoustic signal is generated due to an acoustic pressure disturbance at the sample -gas interface transferred from the gas medium to the microphone.2.2 Rosencwaing -Gersho TheoryThe Rosencwaing -Gersho theory, known as R-G theory, is an one -dimensional analysis of the production of a photoacoustic (PA) signal in a simple cylindrical cell resulting from the absorbed light energy. The model is schematically shown in figure 2.1 from the figure, the photoacoustic cell has a diameter D and length L. It is fancied that the length L is piddling compare to the wavelength of the acoustic waves and the microphone detecte the average pressure produced in the cell. In the present case, they also assumed that the light is not absorbed by the gas and backing material. The sample has thickness and diameter D. The sample is mounted so that its front surface is expose to the gas (air)within the cell and back surface is against a backing material of thicknes s . the length. . Of the gas volume is given by.=When a sinusoidally chopped monochrome high passing through are window of the cell and incident upon the solid sample, the intensity I at the depth x is given by